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İBN HÂLEVEYH Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh el-Hüseyn b. Ahmed b. Hâleveyh b. Hamdân el-Hemedânî en-Nahvî el-Lugavî (ö. 370/980)
Arap dili ve kıraat âlimi.
290 (903) yılında Hemedan’da doğduğu sanılmaktadır. Çocukluk dönemini Hemedan’da geçirdi. 314’te (926) tahsil amacıyla Bağdat’a gitti. İbn Mücâhid’den Kur’an ilimleri ve kıraat; İbn Düreyd, Niftaveyh, Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî ve Ebû Saîd es-Sîrâfî’den nahiv ve edebiyat; Gulâmu Sa‘leb olarak tanınan Ebû Ömer ez-Zâhid’den lugat; Muhammed b. Muhalled el-Attâr ve diğer âlimlerden hadis okudu.
İbn Hâleveyh, Bağdat’taki tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra Yemen’e giderek bir süre Zemâr kasabasında ikamet etti. Bu sırada Yemenli şair Hemedânî’nin (İbnü’l-Hâik) şiirlerini ve “ed-Dâmiga” adlı kasidesini bir divanda toplayarak şerhetti (DİA , XVII, 182). Dımaşk, Meyyâfârikīn ve Humus’ta verdiği derslerle şöhreti yayılınca Hamdânîler’in merkezi olan Halep’e gitti ve emîr Seyfüddevle tarafından saray hocalığına tayin edildi. Emîrin sevgisini ve takdirini kazanan İbn Hâleveyh hânedanın diğer üyeleri tarafından da saygı gördü ve Seyfüddevle’nin vefatından sonra da saraydaki saygınlığını korudu. Başta Seyfüddevle ve çocukları olmak üzere hânedana mensup birçok kişinin hocası oldu. Seyfüddevle’nin huzurunda şair Mütenebbî ile dil ve edebiyat üzerine münâzara ve mübâhaselerde bulundu. Mütenebbî’yi destekleyen ders arkadaşı Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî ile rekabet halinde olan İbn Hâleveyh (a.g.e. , X, 345) ayrıca dil âlimi Ebû Ali el-Fârisî ile de aralarında birçok münâzara ve yazışmalar olmuştu. İbn Hâleveyh Halep’te vefat etti.
Lugat, nahiv ve kıraat sahalarında derinleşen İbn Hâleveyh, bu alanlarda telif ettiği eserlerin hâtimelerine imzasını atarken isim zincirinde yer alan “Hüseyin” ve “İbn” kelimelerinin “nun”larını uzatarak yazdığından “Zünnûneyn” lakabıyla da anılmıştır (İbn Hacer, II, 267). Dilini düzeltmek için nahiv okumak istediğini söyleyen bir kimseye elli yıldır nahiv okuduğu halde dilini düzeltecek kadar Arapça öğrenemediğini söylemesi, bazı müelliflerin iddia ettiği gibi (meselâ bk. Delcî, s. 133) nahiv bilgisinin zayıf olduğunu değil bu ilmin ne kadar geniş ve kapsamlı olduğunu gösterir. Kûfe dil mektebine temayülü ağır basmakla birlikte Basra mektebinin de görüşlerine yer veren İbn Hâleveyh bu alanda birçok eser kaleme almıştır. Kaynaklar onun ders okutmasının yanında bir müddet de Medine’de Mescid-i Nebevî’de hadis yazdırdığını kaydetmektedir. Önde gelen talebeleri arasında kıraat âlimi Ebü’t-Tayyib İbn Galbûn, ünlü edip Ebû Bekir el-Hârizmî, kadı ve edip Muâfâ en-Nehrevânî, şair Ebû Firâb el-Hamdânî, nahiv âlimi Saîd b. Sâid el-Fârikī, edip Muhammed b. Abdullah es-Selâmî, kıraat âlimleri Hasan b. Süleyman ile Ebû Ali Hüseyin b. Ali er-Rehâvî gibi simalar bulunmaktadır.
Bazı kaynaklar, İbn Hâleveyh’in Ehl-i beyt’i ve on iki imamın hayatını konu alan Kitâbü’l-Âl adlı eserini delil göstererek onun Şiî-İsmâilî olduğunu, ancak Sünnî olan Seyfüddevle’den bunu gizlediğini ileri sürerken (meselâ bk. İbn Hacer, II, 267; Hasan es-Sadr, s. 86) bazıları da Sünnî ve Şâfiî olduğunu kaydetmektedir (meselâ bk. Sübkî, III, 269; Süyûtî, Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , I, 529).
Eserleri. A) Dil ve Edebiyat. 1. el-Elifât . Birçok kaynakta adı yanlış olarak el-Elḳāb şeklinde kaydedilen eserde Arapça’da elif, hemze ve türleriyle i‘lâl, ibdâl, tahfif, hazif gibi bunların çeşitli durumları incelenmiştir (nşr. Ali Hüseyin el-Bevvâb, Riyad 1402/1982).
2. Leyse fî kelâmi’l-ʿArab . Arap dilindeki şâz, nâdir ve garîb kelimelere ve onların kullanımlarına dair bir sözlük olup İbn Hâleveyh’in en tanınmış eseridir. Müellifin bütün bilgi ve kabiliyetini ortaya koyduğu çalışmada “leyse fî kelâmi’l-ʿArab keẕâ …” (Arap dilinde şu yoktur …) şeklindeki kalıplaşmış ifade tekrar edildiğinden esere bu ad verilmiştir. H. Derenbourg Hebraica (American Journal of Semitic Languages , X [Chicago 1893-1894], s. 88-105; XIV [1897-1898], s. 81-93; XV [1898-1899], s. 33-41, 215-223; XVIII [1901-1902], s. 36-51) ve Ahmed Emîn eş-Şinkītî’nin (Kahire 1327/1909) yayımladığı eser ayrıca eṭ-Ṭurafü’l-behiyye içinde basılmış (Kahire 1330), daha sonra da Ahmed Abdülgafûr Attâr (Kahire 1957, 1979) ve Muhammed Ebü’l-Fütûh Şerîf (Kahire 1395/1975) tarafından neşredilmiştir. Bazı kaynaklarda müstakil bir eser olarak kaydedilen, aslana dair 500 ismin yer aldığı Esmâʾü’l-esed adlı eser Leyse fî kelâmi’l-ʿArab ’ın bir bölümüdür.
3. er-Rîḥ (Risâle fî esmâʾi’r-rîḥ) . Eserde Arapça’da rüzgâr için kullanılan kelimeler ve bunların etimolojik açıklamaları gibi konular ele alınmıştır. Eseri ilk defa Samuel Magelberg, İbn Hâleveyh’e ait olarak yayımladığı Kitâbü’ş-Şecer ile birlikte neşretmiş (Berlin 1909), daha sonra Ignace J. Kratchkovski (Islamica , II [London 1926], s. 331-343), Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin (el-Mevrid , III/4 [Bağdad 1974], s. 220-232) ve Hüseyin Muhammed Muhammed Şeref (Medine 1404/1984) tarafından neşirleri yapılmıştır. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin neşrinde risâlede yer almayan konuyla ilgili diğer kelimeler derlenerek eserin sonuna eklenmiştir.
4. Şerḥu Dîvâni Ebî Firâs el-Ḥamdânî . İbn Hâleveyh, öğrencisi olan Ebû Firâs el-Hamdânî’nin divanını hem derlemiş hem de şerhetmiştir. Nahle Kalfât tarafından yapılan hatalı ve eksik bir neşrinden sonra (Beyrut 1900, 1910) Sâmî ed-Dehhân eseri ilmî usullere uygun olarak yayımlamış (I-III, Beyrut 1363/1944, 1959, 1966), daha sonra Muhammed Altuncî tarafından da neşredilmiştir (Dımaşk 1408/1987).
5. Şerḥu Maḳṣûreti İbn Düreyd . Müellifin hocası İbn Düreyd’in eserinin şerhi olup Mahmûd Câsim Muhammed’in İbn Ḫâleveyh ve cühûdühû fi’l-luġa adlı kitabı içinde (Beyrut 1407/1986, s. 157-557), ayrıca Fahreddin Kabâve (Beyrut 1994) tarafından yayımlanmıştır. İbn Hâleveyh’in öğrencisi Rebîa b. Muhammed el-Ma‘merî ve Muhammed b. Ebü’l-Fütûh’un ihtisar ettiği şerhin Paris Bibliothèque Nationale’de (nr. 4231/4) anonim bir ihtisarı daha mevcuttur.
6. Ġarâʾibü ḫalḳı’l-insân . İnsan organlarına dair isim, sıfat ve deyimleri ihtiva eden bir lugatçe olup Mahmûd Câsim ed-Dervîş tarafından neşredilmiştir (el-Mevrid , XVIII/2 [Bağdad 1989], s. 142-151).
7. İştiḳāḳu’ş-şühûr ve’l-eyyâm . Ay ve gün isimleriyle sıfatlarının etimolojisine dair bir lugatçedir (Göttingen 1854).
8. el-Cümel fi’n-naḥv . Meşhed’de (nr. 994/2) bir nüshası mevcuttur.
9. Şerḥu Faṣîḥi S̱aʿleb . Bir nüshası Amerika’da Brinston Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Garet [Jaoda], nr. 4025).
10. İntiṣâru İbn Ḫâleveyh li-S̱aʿleb . Ebû İshak ez-Zeccâc tarafından Sa‘leb’in el-Faṣîḥ ’ine yapılan eleştirilere reddiye olarak yazılmıştır (Haydarâbâd 1317).
B) Kur’an İlimleri (Kıraat). 1. İʿrâbü’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ ve ʿilelühâ . Müellifin günümüze ulaşmayan İʿrâbü’l-Ḳurʾân ’ının hulâsası olup (bk. s. 3-4) eserde yedi kıraatin sebepleri ve i‘rabları, şâz kıraatler, âyetlerin anlamları ve nüzûl sebepleri gibi konular ele alınmıştır. Abdurrahman b. Süleyman el-Useymîn müellifi, eseri ve nüshalarını tanıtan uzun bir mukaddimeyle birlikte eserin ilmî neşrini yapmış (I-II, Kahire 1413/1992) ve bu neşre bazı indeksler ilâve etmiştir.
2. İʿrâbü s̱elâs̱îne sûre . Târık sûresiyle başladığı için kaynaklarda eṭ-Ṭârıḳıyyât , eṭ-Ṭârıḳıyye ve İʿrâbü âyât mine’l-Ḳurʾân adlarıyla da anılan eser yoğun şekilde etimolojik açıklamalar içermektedir. Eser, Abdurrahman b. Yahyâ el-Yemânî el-Muallimî’nin yardımıyla Freitz Krenkow (Sâlim Krenkow) (Haydarâbâd-Kahire 1360/1941), ayrıca İbrâhim Selîm (Kahire 1409/1989) ve M. M. Fehmî Ömer (Kahire 1991) tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Muhammed b. Halîl b. Muhammed el-Basravî eseri ihtisar etmiş olup bu ihtisarın Dublin Chester Beatty Library’de bir nüshası bulunmaktadır. Eserin diğer bir ihtisarından da söz edilmektedir (İʿrâbü’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ , neşredenin girişi, s. 66).
3. Muḫtaṣar fî şevâẕẕi’l-Ḳurʾân (ḳırâʾât) min Kitâbi’l-Bedîʿ . G. Bergsträsser tarafından neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1934). Daha sonra ofset baskıları yapılan bu neşre Hellmut Ritter Almanca ve Arthur Jeffery İngilizce birer mukaddime yazmışlardır.
4. el-Bedîʿ fi’l-ḳırâʾât (i’s-sebʿ) . (nşr. Arthur John Arberry, Budapest 1948). Müellif bu eserine Ḥavâşi’l-Bedîʿ adıyla bir hâşiye yazmıştır.
5. el-Ḳırâʾât (Millet Ktp., Murad Molla, nr. 85; el-Câmiatü’l-Arabiyye, Kıraat, nr. 52).
İbn Hâleveyh’e şu eserler de nisbet edilmekte olup bunların ona aidiyeti tartışmalıdır: 1. el-ʿAşerât fi’l-luġa . On değişik anlamı bulunan kelimelere dair altmış babdan meydana gelen bir tür sözlüktür. Her babın on kelime ihtiva etmesi düşünülmüşse de bazı bablarda daha az kelime bulunduğu görülmektedir. Eser P. Brunnle tarafından İbn Hâleveyh’e izâfe edilerek yayımlanmıştır (Leiden 1900). Ancak Muhammed Cebbâr el-Muaybid bu eserin Ebû Ömer ez-Zâhid’e (Gulâmu Sa‘leb) ait olduğunu ve öğrencisi İbn Hâleveyh’in ilâveleri ve rivayetiyle zamanımıza intikal ettiğini kaydeder. Nitekim Yahyâ Abdürraûf Cebr, kitabı Ebû Ömer ez-Zâhid’e nisbet ederek İbn Hâleveyh rivayetiyle yeniden neşretmiştir (Amman 1984). 2. Kitâbü’ş-Şecer (ve’n-nebât) . Ağaç isimleri ve sıfatlarıyla ilgili sözlük mahiyetinde bir eser olup Samuel Nagelberg tarafından İbn Hâleveyh’e izâfe edilerek yayımlanmıştır (Berlin 1909). İbrâhim Yûsuf es-Seyyid ise eserin Ebû Zeyd el-Ensârî’ye ait olduğunu ve İbn Hâleveyh tarafından rivayet edildiğini kaydeder (Ebû Zeyd el-Enṣârî , s. 54). Enver Ebû Süveylim ve Muhammed eş-Şevâbike eseri Kitâbü’ş-Şecer ve’l-keleʾ adıyla Ebû Zeyd el-Ensârî’ye nisbet ederek yayımlamışlardır (MMLAÜr. , XVII/45 [Amman 1413/1993], s. 119-223). 3. el-Ḥücce fi’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ . Yedi meşhur kıraatle ile bunların lugavî ve filolojik dayanaklarını konu alan eser Abdülâl Sâlim Mekrem tarafından neşredilmiştir (Küveyt 1971).
Müellifin kaynaklarda adı geçen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: et-Teẕkire , Taḳfiyetü me’ttefeḳa lafẓuhû va’ḫtelefe maʿnâhü li’l-Yezîdî , el-Ḥaşerât , el-Kül ve’l-baʿż , Kitâbü Lâ , Kitâbü Ledün ve keʾeyyin , Kitâbü’l-Mâʾât , Esmâʾüllâhi’l-ḥüsnâ , Esmâʾü’l-ḥayye , Esmâʾü sâʿâti’l-leyl , el-İştiḳāḳ , İştiḳāḳu Ḫâleveyh (Hâleveyh kelimesinin etimolojisi), Aṭraġaşşe (Ebraġaşşe) fi’l-luġa , el-Âfıḳ fi’l-luġa , Kitâbü’l-Âl (el-İmâme) , Taṣnîfü’l-firâse , el-Câmiʿ li’l-müşterek , Ġarîbü’l-Ḳurʾân , Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ , Kitâbü’l-Hâẕûr (Ebû Ali el-Fârisî’nin, Meʿâni’l-Ḳurʾân ’ından dolayı Zeccâc’ı eleştiren el-Eġfâl adlı eserine reddiye olup Fârisî buna Naḳżü’l-Hâẕûr adlı bir reddiye yazmıştır), eṣ-Ṣalâtü’l-vüsṭâ , Mâ yünevvenü ve mâ lâ yünevvenü fi’l-Ḳurʾân , el-Mübtedâʾ (el-Mübtedeʾ) fi’n-naḥv , el-Müfîd , el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ , el-Maḳṣûr ve’l-memdûd , el-Emâlî , Mişkâtü’l-ʿayn , Kitâbü’l-Mecd fi’l-ḳırâʾat (Adudüddevle için yazdı), Zinbîlü’l-müdevvir (müdevvin) , Şerḥu Dîvâni İbni’l-Ḥâʾik , Şerḥu Ḳaṣîde fî ġarîbi’l-luġa li-Nifṭaveyh , Şerḥu Kitâbi’l-Maḳṣûr ve’l-memdûd li’bni Vellâd , Risâle fî Ḳavli “rabbenâ leke’l-ḥamd milʾe’s-semâvât” , el-Aḫbâr fi’r-riyâż .
İbn Hâleveyh’in hayatı ve eserleri hakkında Mahmûd Câsim Muhammed (bk. bibl.) ve İbrâhim Muhammed Ahmed el-İdkâvî (Baḥs̱ fî cühûdi İbn Ḫâleveyhi’n-naḥviyye [Kahire 1408/1988]) tarafından çalışmalar yapılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Hâleveyh, İʿrâbü’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ ve ʿilelühâ (nşr. Abdurrahman b. Süleyman el-Useymîn), Kahire 1413/1992, s. 3-4, 13, ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 7-104.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , s. 130.
Seâlibî, Yetîmetü’d-dehr , I, 107.
Kemâleddin el-Enbârî, Nüzhetü’l-elibbâʾ (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim), Kahire 1967, s. 311-312.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , IX, 200-205.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İnbâhü’r-ruvât , I, 324-327.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , I, 433-434.
Abdülbâkī b. Abdülmecîd el-Yemânî, İşâretü’t-taʿyîn fî terâcimi’n-nüḥât ve’l-luġaviyyîn (nşr. Abdülmecîd Diyâb), Riyad 1986, s. 101-102.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt (Tanâhî) , III, 269.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , XI, 297.
İbnü’l-Cezerî, Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye , I, 237.
Delcî, el-Felâke ve’l-meflûkûn , Necef 1385, s. 132-134.
İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , II, 267.
Süyûtî, Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , I, 529.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 86, 123, 602, 1272 vd.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 130-131; Suppl. , I, 190.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm , II, 248.
C. Zeydân, Âdâb , Beyrut 1978, I, 611.
İbrâhim Yûsuf es-Seyyid, Ebû Zeyd el-Enṣârî ve es̱erühû fî dirâsâti’l-luġa , Riyad 1400/1980, s. 54.
Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb , II, 520-522.
Hasan es-Sadr, Teʾsîsü’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1401/1981, s. 86-87.
Nüveyhiz, Muʿcemü’l-müfessirîn , I, 149-150.
Mahmûd Câsim Muhammed, İbn Ḫâleveyh ve cühûdühû fi’l-luġa , Beyrut 1407/1986.
Abdülâl Sâlim Mekrem, “Kitâbü’l-Ḥücce li’bn Ḫâleveyh fi’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ”, RAA , XLV (1970), s. 342-357.
a.mlf., “İbn Ḫâleveyh el-Luġavî ve nisbetü Kitâbi’l-Ḥücce ileyh”, el-Lisânü’l-ʿArabî , VIII/1, Rabat 1971, s. 502-520.
Muhammed el-Âbid el-Fâsî, “Nisbetü’l-Ḥücce ilâ İbn Ḫâleveyh lâ teṣiḥḥu”, a.e. , VIII/1 (1971), s. 521-523.
Subhî Abdülmün‘im Saîd, “Nisbetü’l-Ḥücce ilâ İbn Ḫâleveyh iftirâʾün ʿaleyh”, MMLADm. , XLVIII (1973), s. 645-671.
a.mlf., “On the Misattribution of the Work al-Ḥujja to Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusayn b. K̲h̲alawayh”, IQ , XVII/3-4 (1973), s. 125-139.
Mâzin el-Mübârek, “Leyse fî kelâmi’l-ʿArab li’bn Ḫâleveyh”, RAA , XLIX (1974), s. 426-435.
Ali Hüseyin el-Bevvâb, “Kitâbü’l-Elifât li’bn Ḫâleveyh”, el-Mevrid , XI/1, Bağdad 1982, s. 73-75; XI/3 (1982), s. 135-150.
Mahmûd Câsim ed-Dervîş, “Kitâbü Leyse fî kelâmi’l-ʿArab li’bn Ḫâleveyh”, a.e. , XV/2 (1986), s. 181-198.
a.mlf., “Ġarâʾibü ḫalḳı’l-insân li’bn Ḫâleveyh”, a.e. , XVIII/2 (1989), s. 142-151.
M. Faruk Toprak, “Ibn Hālavayh ve Kitāb Laysa”, DTCFD , XXXVI/1-2 (1993), s. 203-209.
C. van Arendonk, “İbn Hâleveyh”, İA , V/2, s. 744.
A. Spitder, “Ibn K̲h̲ālawayh”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 824-825.
Reşit Özbalıkçı, “Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî”, DİA , X, 345.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 14-16 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.