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SA‘LEB Skip to content Ebü’l-Abbâs Ahmed b. Yahyâ b. Zeyd b. Yesâr (Seyyâr) eş-Şeybânî (ö. 291/904)
Kûfe dil mektebi ileri gelenlerinden, lugat, nahiv, şiir, edebiyat, Kur’an ve hadis âlimi.
200 (815) yılında Bağdat’ta doğdu ve burada yetişti. Şeybânîler’in (Ma‘n b. Zâide) âzatlısı olup Sa‘leb lakabıyla anılmasının sebebiyle ilgili olarak kaynaklarda herhangi bir kayıt mevcut değildir. İlk öğreniminden sonra Arap dili ve lugat ilmiyle şiir ve şiirlerdeki garîb kelimeler üzerine ders aldı. On sekiz yaşında iken Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ’nın Ḥudûdü’n-naḥv’ini okumaya başladı; yirmi beş yaşına geldiğinde Ferrâ’nın bütün eserlerini ezberlemiş bulunuyordu (Ebû Bekir ez-Zübeydî, s. 147). Ebû Abdullah İbnü’l-A‘râbî’den on yıl boyunca lugat ilmiyle garîb ve nevâdir, Seleme b. Âsım’dan nahiv ve kıraat dersleri gördü. Uzun yıllar İbrâhim el-Harbî’nin nahiv ve lugatla ilgili düzenlediği ders halkalarına katıldı. Riyâşî, Zübeyr b. Bekkâr, Muhammed b. Habîb (Muhammed b. Abdullah) b. Kādim, İbn Sellâm el-Cumahî ve İbnü’s-Sikkît onun hocaları arasında yer alır. İbn Necde’den Ebû Zeyd el-Ensârî’nin, Ali b. Mugīre el-Esrem’den Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ’nın ve Ebû Amr b. Alâ’nın oğlu Amr’dan babasının kitaplarını okuyup rivayet etti. Böylece derin bir kültüre sahip oldu ve henüz yirmi beş yaşında iken Kûfe dil mektebinin nahiv ve lugat alanında lideri konumuna yükseldi. Güçlü hâfızası sayesinde nahiv, i‘rab, garîb ve nâdir kelimelerle eski Arap şiirinde geniş birikim elde etti; birçok meselede İbnü’l-A‘râbî, Riyâşî gibi hocalarının başvurduğu bir kişi haline geldi (Yâkūt, V, 119). Hatta 230 (845) yılında Bağdat’a gelen Basra mektebine mensup Riyâşî’nin Sa‘leb karşısında âciz kalarak nahiv dersi vermeyi bıraktığı kaydedilir (a.g.e., V, 109-111, 132). Nahiv meselelerinde Basra mektebinin ileri gelen âlimlerinden Ebû Osman el-Mâzinî ile yaptığı tartışmalarda da üstünlüğünü gösterip Mâzinî’nin takdirini kazandı (a.g.e., V, 112-113).
Dil ve edebiyat ilimlerinde yoğunlaşmış olmakla birlikte Kavârîrî’den 100.000 hadis dinlediğini söyleyen Sa‘leb (İbnü’l-Kıftî, I, 148) ömrünü dil ve edebiyat ilimleriyle geçirdiğine hayıflanır ve dinî ilimlere karşı duyduğu özlemi dile getirirdi (bununla ilgili bir anekdot için bk. a.g.e., I, 178-179). Sa‘leb geçimini daha ziyade öğretmenlikle sağlıyordu. 1000 dirhem maaşla on üç yıl boyunca Muhammed b. Abdullah b. Tâhir’in, Ahmed b. Saîd b. Selm’in ve Abbas b. Bûkerdân’ın çocuklarına hocalık yaptı (a.g.e., I, 181-182). Hayatının çoğunu Arap dili ve edebiyatı dersleri vererek geçirdi. Öğrencileri arasında Gulâmu Sa‘leb, İbn Keysân, İbn Mücâhid, Ebû Mûsâ el-Hâmız, Ahfeş el-Asgar, Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî, Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Hayyât, Niftaveyh, Muhammed b. Abbas el-Yezîdî, İbn Vellâd, İbn Nâsıh el-İsfahânî ve Müberred’le yaptığı münazaralarıyla tanınan yahudi asıllı dilci Hârûn İbnü’l-Hâik sayılabilir.
Sîbeveyhi’nin el-Kitâb’ını okuyarak Basra mektebinin görüşlerine de vâkıf olan Sa‘leb, Müberred’le çeşitli dil meselelerine dair tartışmalar yaptı (Ebû Bekir ez-Zübeydî, s. 145-146; Hatîb, V, 208-209; Yâkūt, V, 111-112, 114). Güçlü hâfızasına ve zengin birikimine rağmen dil meselelerinde ta‘lîl ve kıyasa yer vermemesi, ayrıca ifadelerinde özlü anlatım diye tanımlanabilecek öğretim metodunun hâkim olması gibi sebeplerle fesahat ve belâgat sahibi, ta‘lîl ve kıyasın inceliklerine vâkıf güçlü rakibi Müberred karşısında zayıf kaldığı söylenirse de bizzat Müberred’in, “Kûfeliler’in en âlimi Sa‘leb’dir, Ferrâ onun onda biri bile olamaz” dediği nakledilir (İbnü’l-Kıftî, I, 177). Ayrıca onun şiirde, şiir şerhiyle nâdir lugatlarda Müberred’e karşı üstünlüğü kabul edilmiştir. Hâlid b. Abdurrahman el-Acemî, Sa‘leb ile Müberred arasındaki tartışmalı nahiv meselelerine dair bir yüksek lisans çalışması yapmıştır (bk. bibl.).
Bir asra yaklaşan ömrü boyunca Me’mûn’dan Müktefî-Billâh’a kadar on bir Abbâsî halifesi dönemini idrak eden Sa‘leb yöneticilerle iyi ilişkiler içindeydi. Özellikle Vezir İsmâil b. Bülbül ile Muvaffak-Billâh’ın iltifatlarına mazhar oldu, el-Muvaffaḳī (fî muḫtaṣari’n-naḥv) adlı eserini halife için kaleme aldı. Başta İbnü’l-Mu‘tez ve İbnü’l-Allâf olmak üzere birçok şair tarafından ilmi, ahlâkı ve takvâsı ile övülen Sa‘leb zenginliğine rağmen cimri bir insan görünümü ortaya koyuyordu. 291 yılı Cemâziyelevvelinde (Nisan 904) Bağdat’ta bir atlının çarpması neticesinde öldü ve şehrin Bâbüşşam tarafındaki kabristana defnedildi. Sa‘leb’in “ḫâl” (ben) kelimesinin çeşitli anlamlarını açıkladığı “el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-ḫâliyye” adlı didaktik manzumesiyle hikemiyat ve zühde dair bazı parçalar dışında şiirinin mevcudiyeti bilinmemektedir. Ancak o birçok şairin divanını derleyip şerhetmiştir.
Eserleri. Sa‘leb’in kaynaklarda kırkı aşkın eserinden söz edilmekle birlikte bunların çok azı zamanımıza ulaşmıştır. 1. Kitâbü’l-Faṣîḥ (İḫtiyâru faṣîḥi’l-kelâm). Sa‘leb’in şöhretini sağlayan en önemli eseri olup III. (IX.) yüzyılda Bağdat ve civarında yaşayan halkın dilinde yanlış olarak kullanılan kelime ve ifadelerin doğru (fasih) şekillerinin açıklandığı eser otuz bölüm içinde zengin bir muhtevaya sahiptir. Sa‘leb bu kitabında yaygın biçimde kullanılan her kelimeyi fasih kabul eder. Aynı konuda birden çok fasih kelime varsa en fasih olanını, eşit derecede iki fasihin ikisini de almıştır. Eserde terkip ve deyimlere de yer verilmiş, atasözleri için özel bir bölüm ayrılmıştır. Kitabın son bölümünde insanlarla hayvanlar arasında ortak veya benzer olan organların farklarından söz edilmiş olması halkın bunları birbirinin yerine kullandığını gösterir. Konular (bablar) halinde düzenlenmesinden ötürü kullanım zorluğu bulunan eseri Ahmed Hasan es-Sittî alfabetik hale getirmiştir (Sezgin, VIII, 144). Mektep taassubu ve müellifine karşı duyulan husumet gibi sebeplerle eserin Sa‘leb’e ait olmadığı, onun Ferrâ’nın Kitâbü’l-Behiyy (Kitâbü’l-Behâʾ), Hasan b. Dâûd er-Rakkī’nin Kitâbü’l-Ḥaliyy veya İbnü’s-Sikkît’in Iṣlâḥu’l-manṭıḳ adlı eserlerinin farklı bir tertibi olduğunu iddia edenler olmuştur. Kitâbü’l-Faṣîḥ’e Zeccâc (Muʾâḫaẕât ʿale’l-Faṣîḥ / er-Red ʿalâ S̱aʿleb fi’l-Faṣîḥ), Ali b. Hamza el-Basrî (et-Tenbîh ʿalâ mâ fi’l-Faṣîḥ mine’l-ġalaṭ, Brockelmann, GAL, I, 122) ve İbn Dürüsteveyh (Taṣḥîḥu’l-Faṣîḥ) bazı eleştiriler yöneltmişse de İbn Hâleveyh (el-İntiṣâr li-S̱aʿleb), İbn Fâris (el-İntiṣâr li-S̱aʿleb) ve Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī yazdıkları eserlerde bunlara cevap vermiştir (a.g.e., I, 118; Suppl., I, 182; Sezgin, VIII, 99). İlk defa Von Barth tarafından Almanca bir mukaddimeyle birlikte yayımlanan eser (Leipzig 1876) daha sonra Kahire’de basılmış (1325), Muhammed Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî (Kahire 1949) ve Âtıf Medkûr (Kahire, ts.) ilmî neşirlerini gerçekleştirmiştir. Kitap üzerinde şerh, zeyil ve nazma çekme şeklinde birçok çalışma yapılmıştır (el-Faṣîḥ, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-258; Brockelmann, GAL, I, 121-122; Suppl., I, 181-182; Sezgin, VIII, 141-147;). Otuz beşi aşkın şerhinden İbn Hişâm el-Lahmî ile (nşr. Mehdî Ubeyd Câsim, Bağdat 1409/1988) Ebû Sehl Muhammed b. Ali el-Herevî’nin (Kahire 1285, 1289) şerhleri basılanlar arasında yer alır. Abdüllatîf el-Bağdâdî’nin Ẕeylü’l-Faṣîḥ’i de basılmıştır (eṭ-Ṭurafü’l-edebiyye adlı risâleler mecmuası içinde, Kahire 1285, s. 99-128). Ebû Amr eş-Şeybânî’ye de (ö. 206/821) bir şerhin nisbet edilmesi (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 74) bir zühul eseri olmalıdır. Muhammed Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî, Faṣîḥu S̱aʿleb ve’ş-şürûḥu’lletî ʿaleyh adlı bir monografi yazmıştır (Kahire 1949). 2. Ḳavâʿidü’ş-şiʿr. Şiir tenkidine dair ilk eserlerden olup duygusallıktan uzak, yansız, özlü, açık ve yalın anlatımıyla el-Faṣîḥ’e benzer. Kelâmı anlama göre değil biçim ve sîgaya göre emir, nehiy, haber ve istihbar bölümlerine ayırması müellifin eğitimci niteliğini hatırlatır. Bu dört nevi medih, hicâ, risâ, i‘tizâr, teşbîb, teşbîh ve hikâyet-i ahbâr kısımlarına ayrıldıktan sonra şiirlerdeki doğru ve yanlış tabirler örneklerle incelenmiştir. Müellif cezâlet-i lafız, ittisâk-ı nazım, ifrat ve tefritten uzak teşbih, vasıf, ifrat, iğrak, letâfet-i ma‘nâ (ta‘riz), istiare, hüsn-i hurûc, mücâveret-i azdâd ve mutâbık adlarını verdiği edebî sanatlarla sinâd, ikvâ, ikfâ, îtâ ve cevâzât gibi şiirlerde görülen kusurları yine misallerle açıklamıştır. Merzübânî eseri başkasından dinlemek suretiyle rivayet etmiştir. Bu sebeple kitabın Merzübânî’ye ait olabileceğini söyleyenler varsa da Merzübânî’nin el-Müveşşaḥ’ı ile Sa‘leb’in Ḳavâʿidü’ş-şiʿr’inde geçen terimlerin farklılığı bu ihtimali zayıflatmaktadır. İlk defa C. Schiaparelli’nin yayımladığı eseri (Leiden 1890) şerh ve notlarla birlikte Muhammed Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî (Kahire 1948) ve Ramazan Abdüttevvâb (Kahire 1966) neşretmiştir. 3. Mecâlisü S̱aʿleb (el-Mecâlis, Mücâlesâtü S̱aʿleb, Emâlî S̱aʿleb). Sa‘leb’in derslerde öğrencilerine tutturduğu notlarla kendisine sorulan sorulara verdiği cevaplardan oluşan eser Kûfe mektebinin dil meselelerine, Kur’an ve şiir mânaları ile ahbâra dair çeşitli meseleleri ihtiva eder. Sa‘leb, ele aldığı konularla ilgili değişik görüşleri tartışırken kendi görüşlerine olduğu kadar Basra mektebinin görüşlerine de yer vermiştir. Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî, Gulâmu Sa‘leb, İbn Dürüsteveyh, İbn Miksem ve Ebû Abdullah el-Yezîdî’nin rivayet ettiği eser Ali b. Hamza el-Kisâî ve Ferrâ’nın dil kurallarına ilişkin görüşlerinin ve Kûfe nahvinin belirlenmesinde zengin bir malzeme oluşturur. Eserde genellikle metin ve örnekten kurala geçilerek modern dil öğretiminde benimsenen bir yöntem izlenmiştir. Kitabı Mecâlisü S̱aʿleb adıyla Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn – Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir yayımlamış (I-II, Kahire 1945, 1956, 1960), Ahmed Abdüllatîf Mahmûd el-Leysî, en-Naḥv fî Mecâlisi S̱aʿleb (Kahire 1991) ve eṣ-Ṣarf fî Mecâlisi S̱aʿleb (Kahire 1991) adıyla iki çalışma gerçekleştirmiştir. 4. Meʿânî ve fevâʾid. On yedi varaklık bir yazma nüshası bulunan eser (Sezgin, VIII, 147) Sa‘leb’in Arap lugat ve nahvine dair bazı meseleleri ele aldığı Kitâbü’l-Mesâʾil’inden bir bölüm olmalıdır. 5. el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-ḫâliyye. Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî’nin eṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn’i ile (Kahire 1971, s. 438-439) İbn Manzûr’un Lisânü’l-ʿArab’ında (“ḫyl” md.) yer alır.
Sa‘leb’in rivayet ettiği veya üzerine şerh yazdığı eski şiir ve divanlardan başlıcaları şunlardır: Şerḥu Dîvâni Züheyr b. Ebî Sülmâ (Kahire 1363/1944; nşr. Hannâ Nasr el-Hıttî, Beyrut 1412/1992, 1414/1994; Şerḥu Şiʿri Züheyr b. Ebî Sülmâ, nşr. Fahreddin Kabâve, Beyrut 1402/1982); (Şerḥu) Dîvânü’l-Aʿşâ (nşr. Rudolf Gayer, Yana 1927); (Şerḥu) Dîvânü İbni’d-Dümeyne (nşr. Ahmed Râtib en-Neffâh, Kahire 1959); Şerḥu Dîvâni’l-Ḫans̱âʾ (nşr. Enver Ebû Süleym, Amman 1998); (Şerḥu) Dîvânü şiʿri ʿAdî b. er-Riḳāʿ el-ʿÂmilî ʿan Ebi’l-ʿAbbâs Aḥmed b. Yaḥyâ S̱aʿleb eş-Şeybânî (nşr. Nûrî Hammûdî el-Kaysî – Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, Bağdat 1407/1987); (Şerḥu) Dîvânü ʿUrve b. Ḥızâm (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 5077); Şerḥu Lâmiyyeti’ş-Şenferâ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 52); Şerḥu Ḳaṣîdeti ʿUmâre b. ʿAḳıl b. Cerîr (Hâlid b. Yezîd eş-Şeybânî’nin methine dair, Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Mecâmî‘, nr. 166). Sa‘leb’in bunların dışında kaynaklarda çeşitli eserlerinin adı zikredilmektedir (Sezgin, VIII, 141-147).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Sa‘leb, el-Faṣîḥ (nşr. Âtıf Medkûr), Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-maârif), tür.yer., ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 7-258; Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî, Merâtibü’n-naḥviyyîn (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim), Kahire 1375/1955, s. 95-96; Ebû Bekir ez-Zübeydî, Ṭabaḳātü’n-naḥviyyîn ve’l-luġaviyyîn (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim), Kahire 1392/1973, s. 141-150; İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Flügel), s. 74; Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, eṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Fazl – Ali M. el-Bicâvî), Kahire 1971, s. 438-439; Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd, V, 204-212; Kemâleddin el-Enbârî, Nüzhetü’l-elibbâʾ (nşr. İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî), Zerkā/Ürdün 1405/1985, s. 173-177; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ, V, 102-146; İbnü’l-Kıftî, İnbâhü’r-ruvât , I, 148, 173-186; İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât, I, 151-153; Brockelmann, GAL, I, 118-122; Suppl., I, 181-182; Sezgin, GAS, VIII, 99, 141-147; Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb, III, 370-372; İhsan Abbas, Târîḫu’n-naḳdi’l-edebî ʿinde’l-ʿArab, Beyrut 1404/1983, s. 82-86; Hâlid b. Abdurrahman el-Acemî, Mesâʾilü’l-ḫilâfi’l-meʾs̱ûre ʿani’l-Müberred ve S̱aʿleb (yüksek lisans tezi, 1404), Câmiatü’l-İmam Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye, el-Lugatü’l-Arabiyye, en-nahv ve’s-sarf, tür.yer.; Muhyî Hilâl es-Serhân, Fihrisü maṭbûʿâti Vizâreti’l-evḳāf, Bağdad 1986, s. 71-72; Abdülhamîd Seyyid Tılib, Ġarîbü’l-Ḳurʾân, ricâlühû ve menâhicühüm min İbn ʿAbbâs ilâ Ebî Ḥayyân, Küveyt 1986, s. 203-207; Ahmed Abdüllatîf Mahmûd el-Leysî, en-Naḥv fî Mecâlisi S̱aʿleb, Kahire 1991, tür.yer.; a.mlf., eṣ-Ṣarf fî Mecâlisi S̱aʿleb, Kahire 1991, tür.yer.; Abdülvehhâb Hammûde, “Emâlî S̱aʿleb”, ME, XXIV (1952), s. 821-827; M. Cebbâr el-Muaybid, “Dîvânü’l-Ḫansâʾ bi-şerḥi Ebi’l-ʿAbbâs S̱aʿleb leyse lehû”, MMLAÜr., XX/50 (1416/1996), s. 225-234.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 25-27 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.