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ZERNÛCÎ Skip to content (ö. VI./XII. yüzyılın sonları)
Hanefî fıkıh âlimi, eğitimci.
Tam adı ve hayatına dair fazla bilgi yoktur; Burhâneddin ve Burhânülislâm lakaplarıyla anılır. Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn ’de (I, 13) İbrâhim ez-Zernûcî ismi verilse de bu bilginin doğruluğu kuşkuludur. Doğum yeri olduğu sanılan ve I-XV. yüzyıllarda mevcut olduğu bilinen Zernûc (Zernuk/Zürnuk), bugünkü Kazakistan’ın güneyinde Kızılkum ilçesinin Mayakum köyünden kuzeye doğru 5 km. uzaklıkta bulunmaktaydı. Zernûcî’nin milliyeti hakkında da farklı görüşler vardır. M. Plessner, Encyclopedie de l’Islam ’ın birinci edisyonunda (IV, 1287-1288) onu bir Arap filozofu diye tanıtsa da bu bilgiyi hangi kaynağa dayandırdığını bildirmez. Aynı ansiklopedinin ikinci edisyonundaki maddede (EI2 [Fr.] , XI, 501) yine kaynak gösterilmeden Zernûcî’nin muhtemelen Doğu İran asıllı olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Batılı araştırmacıların eserlerini Arapça yazan müslüman âlimlere Arap deme alışkanlıkları dikkate alındığında bu yöndeki bilgiyi ihtiyatla karşılamak gerekir. O devirlerde İslâm ülkelerinin eğitim dili genellikle Arapça idi ve Zernûcî’nin bu dili iyi bilmesi, bu dilde eser yazması onun Arap olduğunu göstermez. Yaşadığı bölgenin Türk yurdu olması ve o dönemde Türk hâkimiyeti altında bulunması hesaba katıldığında onun Türk asıllı bir âlim olma ihtimali göz ardı edilmemelidir.
Zernûcî’nin vefat tarihiyle ilgili olarak da kaynaklarda farklı bilgiler yer almaktadır. Serkîs onun VI. (XII.) yüzyılda, Brockelmann 600’de (1203), Kehhâle 593 (1197) yılından önce hayatta bulunduğunu belirtirken Bağdatlı İsmâil Paşa 610’da (1213) öldüğünü kaydetmektedir. Ahmed Fuâd el-Ehvânî ise vefat tarihini 591 (1195) diye gösterir. Kefevî, Zernûcî’yi Hanefî âlimlerinin yirmi birinci tabakası arasında saymıştır (vr. 144b ). Wilhelm Ahlwardt’ın bu bilgiye dayanarak Zernûcî’nin 620 (1223) yılı civarında hayatta olabileceği yönündeki kanaatini aktaran M. Plessner ve J. P. Berkey asıl tarihin bundan biraz daha önce olması gerektiğini belirtirler (EI2 [Fr.] , XI, 501). Zernûcî’nin Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim ’de zikrettiği Kādîhan (ö. 592/1196), Burhâneddin el-Mergīnânî (ö. 593/1197) gibi hocalarının ve kendileriyle görüştüğünü bildirdiği âlimlerin vefat tarihleri dikkate alındığında onun VI. (XII.) yüzyılın sonunda veya VII. (XIII.) yüzyılın başlarında vefat ettiği ortaya çıkar. Yusuf Ziya Kavakcı, Zernûcî’yi Karahanlılar devri İslâm hukukçuları arasında sayar (XI ve XII. Asırlarda , s. 262). Ancak ölümünden sonra fıkıhçılığından ziyade eğitimci yönüyle ün kazanmıştır. Zernûcî’nin öğrenimi hakkında bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte günümüze ulaşmış tek eseri olan Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim onun yetişmişliğini ve ilgilendiği konulara vukufunu gösterir. Bu eserde Hz. Ali, Abdullah b. Abbas, Ca‘fer es-Sâdık, İmam Buhârî gibi mezheplerin teşekkülünden önce yaşayanlar dışında kendilerinden nakilde bulunduğu âlimlerin tamamına yakını Hanefî fukahasındandır. Bunlar arasında İmamzâde diye tanınan Rüknülislâm Muhammed b. Ebû Bekir, Şerefeddin Ömer b. Muhammed el-Akīlî, Hammâd b. İbrâhim, Ebû Bekir el-Kâsânî, Kādîhan, Burhâneddin el-Mergīnânî, Muhammed b. Yûsuf el-Fergānî, Radıyyüddin en-Nîsâbûrî (Müeyyed b. Muhammed b. Ali et-Tûsî [a.g.e. , a.y.]), Sedîdüddin eş-Şîrâzî gibi hocaları da vardır.
Zernûcî’nin tam adı Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim ṭarîḳa’t-teʿallüm olan kitabından başka eserinin bulunmadığı, kendisinin bu eserle şöhret kazandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndeki (Kasîdecizâde Süleyman Sırrı, nr. 434/081) kayıt fişlerinde el-Menhecü’l-maʿlûm fî ünmûzeci’l-ʿulûm adlı bir eser Zernûcî’ye nisbet edilirse de gerek bu eserde gerekse diğer kaynaklarda bunu doğrulayan bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır (Tütüncü, s. 44). Zernûcî’nin, eserinde hocası Mergīnânî’yi “rahimehullah” diye anması (s. 57, 95, 109) eserini hocasının vefat tarihi olan 593’ten (1197) sonra yazdığını gösterir. Theodora M. Abel ve Gustave E. von Grunebaum bu tarihi 599 (1203) diye vermişlerdir. Kitap eğitim alanındaki boşluğu doldurması, hacimli olmaması ve akıcı üslûbu sayesinde ün kazanmış ve elden ele dolaşmıştır. Nüshalarının ve şerhlerinin çokluğu, ayrıca defalarca basılması onun eğitim ve öğretimde devamlı yararlanılan bir el kitabı olduğunu ortaya koyar. Nitekim Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim ’e şerh yazanlar eserin bilhassa öğrenciler tarafından büyük ilgi gördüğünü belirtmişler (İbrâhim b. İsmâil, s. 2; İsmâil b. Osman b. Bekir Osmanpazarî, s. 2), eser 1908’de II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra Osmanlı medreselerinde de ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur. Gerek eğitim kurumlarında gerekse halk arasında rağbet görmesinin bir sebebi de eserde ilk devir İslâm âlimlerinin eğitim konularındaki hakîmane sözlerinin ve şiirlerinin seçilip bir araya getirilmesidir. Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim ’de öğrencilerin ilim uğrunda gayret sarfettiği halde yeterince başarılı olamadığı, bu hususta yöntem hatası yaptıkları için gayelerine ulaşamadıkları belirtilir. Zernûcî, onlara hatalarını anlatmak ve kolay öğrenmenin yollarını göstermek amacıyla kitaplarda gördüğü, ilim ve hikmet sahiplerinden öğrendiği bilgilerden yararlanıp eseri yazdığını, bu sebeple kitaba Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim ṭarîḳa’t-teʿallüm adını verdiğini ifade eder. Belirtilen özellikleri dikkate alınarak eserin bilhassa öğrenme psikolojisi açısından önem taşıdığı söylenebilir.
On üç bölüm halinde düzenlenen Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim ’in ilk bölümünde ilmin mahiyeti ve üstünlüğüne dikkat çekilir; her müslümanın bulunduğu konumun gerektirdiği bilgileri elde etmesinin farz olduğu belirtilir. İlmin niyetle alâkasının anlatıldığı ikinci bölümde öğrencinin Allah’ın rızasına kavuşmak, öğrenme ve öğretme niyetiyle tahsile başlamasının lüzumuna işaret edilir. Üçüncü bölümde ders, hoca ve arkadaş seçimiyle ilim yolunda sebat etmenin gerekliliği vurgulanır. Öğrencinin istediği alanı seçmede özgür sayıldığı belirtilerek seçim yaparken dikkate alınması istenen ölçülerden bahsedilir. Dördüncü bölümde ilme, hocaya ve kitaba saygı anlatılmakta, beşinci bölümde derse devam etmenin önemine ve eğitimde süreklilik ilkesine vurgu yapılmakta, verimli ders çalışma yolları üzerinde durulmaktadır. Altıncı ve yedinci bölümler derse başlama zamanı, derslerin miktarı, tertibi ve başarının yöntemleriyle ilgilidir. Sekizinci bölümde hayat boyu öğrenme ilkesi ve ders çalışmanın verimli olduğu vakitler, dokuzuncu bölümde hocanın öğrencisine sevgi ve şefkati, onuncu bölümde öğrencinin hocalarından yararlanmasının yolları, on birinci bölümde öğrencinin başarısını olumsuz yönde etkileyen kötü huylar ve alışkanlıklar ele alınır. On ikinci bölümde hâfızayı güçlendiren veya unutkanlığa yol açan durumlardan bahsedilir; bu hususta yararlı olacak besinler tavsiye edilir. Eserin son bölümünde rızkın, ömür ve sağlığın artmasına veya azalmasına sebep olan durumları bilmenin yetişkinler yanında öğrenciler için de gereği belirtilir.
Zernûcî, eserinde eğitim metotlarından sistematik bir şekilde bahsetmemekle beraber yeri geldikçe soru-cevap, anlatım, problem çözme gibi bazı didaktik metotlara işaret eder; dersi bizzat hocalardan dinleyip öğrenmenin önemi üzerinde durur. Öğrencinin hocalarından aldığı bilgileri tekrar etmesini gerekli görmekle birlikte kuru ezberciliği eleştirir; soru-cevap ve tartışma yöntemlerinin yararına dikkat çeker. Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim ’in asırlarca geniş rağbet görmesinde, okuyucunun kolaylıkla faydalanabileceği bir usul ve üslûpla yazılmasının etkisi büyüktür. Muhtasar oluşu, yeri geldikçe âyet ve hadislerin yanında meşhur âlimlerden ve edebiyatçılardan vecizeler, hikâyeler, şiirler aktarılması esere hem zenginlik kazandırmış hem de ilgi çekici olmasını sağlamıştır. Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim bu tür özellikleriyle İbn Sahnûn’un (ö. 256/870) Âdâbü’l-muʿallimîn ve Kābisî’nin (ö. 403/1012) er-Risâletü’l-mufaṣṣıla li-aḥvâli’l-müteʿallimîn ve aḥkâmi’l-muʿallimîn ve’l-müteʿallimîn adlı eserleriyle birlikte tamamen eğitim öğretim konularını içeren ve İslâm eğitim tarihinde iz bırakan birkaç eserden biri, hatta Hitti’ye göre en tanınmışıdır (İslâm Tarihi , II, 629-630). Öte yandan eser hurafelerle ilgili bazı bilgiler içermesi bakımından eleştirilmiştir (Mehmed Fuâd el-Ehvânî, s. 221-239). Ancak dönemin halk kültürüne ışık tutması yönünden bu tür bilgiler de önemli sayılabilir.
Birçok yazma nüshası bulunan Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim ’in (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 462; Suppl. , I, 837) İslâm ve Batı ülkelerinde çeşitli baskıları yapılmış (Serkis, I, 969; Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim , nşr. Mustafa Âşûr, neşredenin girişi, s. 15), önce bir giriş ve notlarla birlikte Mustafa Âşûr tarafından yayımlanmış (bk. bibl.), ardından Salâh Muhammed el-Haymî ve Nezîr Hamdân eserin tahkikli neşrini yapmıştır (Beyrut-Dımaşk 1407/1987). Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim Adrianus Relandus tarafından Latince’ye çevrilmiştir (nşr. Carl Paul Caspari, Leipzig 1838). Theodora M. Abel ve Gustave E. von Grunebaum’un İngilizce’ye (New York 1947), Olga Kattan’ın İspanyolca’ya (Madrid 1991) tercüme ettiği eserin Türkçe tercümelerinden bazıları şunlardır: İrşâdü’t-tâlibîn fî Ta‘lîmi’l-müteallim (trc. Abdülmecîd b. Nasûh b. İsrâil, bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 425); Tefhîmü’l-muallim (trc. Ahmed Lutfi Efendi, bk. Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 136-137); Din Öğrencilerine Rehber (trc. Mustafa Özcan, İstanbul 1966); Talim Müteallim: İlim Öğrenme Adabı (trc. Birecikli Abdullah Naim Şener, İstanbul 1979, şiirler tercüme edilmemiştir); Ta‘lîmü’l-müteallim: İslâm’da Eğitim Öğretim Metodu (Yunus Vehbi Yavuz, İstanbul 1980, 2003, 2006); İslâm’da Eğitim Öğretim Metodu (Seyfettin Oğuz, İstanbul, ts. [Furkan Yayınları]). Mehmet S. Hatipoğlu da eserin Türkçe bir özetini yayımlamıştır (Eğitim Hareketleri Dergisi , IX/107-108 [Ankara 1963], s. 25-30). Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim ’in birçok şerhi bulunmaktadır. Bilindiği kadarıyla bunların ilki İbrâhim b. İsmâil tarafından Şerḥu Taʿlîmi’l-müteʿallim adıyla III. Murad zamanında yapılmış ve 996’da (1588) tamamlanmıştır. Eserin en çok tanınan şerhi ise İsmâil b. Osman b. Bekir Osmanpazarî’ye ait Tefhîmü’l-mütefehhim ʿalâ Taʿlîmi’l-müteʿallim başlıklı çalışmadır. Bu şerhler hem ayrı ayrı (İstanbul 1301, 1306) hem de bir arada (İstanbul 1306, 1318, 1319) basılmıştır (diğer bazı şerhler için bk. Tütüncü, s. 93-98). Mehmet Tütüncü eser üzerine bir doktora (1984), Hayati Tetik yüksek lisans (1991, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) tezi hazırlamıştır (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Zernûcî, Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim (nşr. Mustafa Âşûr), Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’l-Kur’ân), 1986, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-23.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , Kahire 1324, II, 387.
Mahmûd b. Süleyman el-Kefevî, Aʿlâmü’l-aḫyâr min fuḳaḥâʾi meẕhebi’n-Nuʿmâni’l-muḫtâr , Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 548, vr. 144b .
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 425; II, 1113.
İbrâhim b. İsmâil, Şerḥu Taʿlîmi’l-müteʿallim , İstanbul 1301, s. 2.
İsmâil b. Osman b. Bekir Osmanpazarî, Tefhîmü’l-mütefehhim ʿalâ Taʿlîmi’l-müteʿallim , İstanbul 1320, s. 2.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 136-137.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 11, 969.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 462; Suppl. , I, 837.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 13-14.
Ahmed Fuâd el-Ehvânî, et-Terbiye fi’l-İslâm ev et-taʿlîm fî reʾyi’l-Ḳābisî , Kahire 1955, s. 221-239.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , III, 43.
Mehmet Dağ – Hıfzırrahman Raşit Öymen, İslâm Eğitim Tarihi , Ankara 1974, s. 53.
Yusuf Ziya Kavakcı, XI ve XII. Asırlarda Karahanlılar Devrinde Māvarā’ al-Nahr İslâm Hukukçuları , Ankara 1976, s. 262.
Osman [Nuri] Ergin, Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , İstanbul 1977, I, 121.
Hitti, İslâm Tarihi , II, 629-630.
Mehmet Tütüncü, Türk İslam Eğitimcisi Zernûcî , İzmir 1991, s. 33-100.
Hayati Tetik, Zernûcî ve Ta‘lîmü’l-Müte‘allim’de Eğitim-Öğretim (yüksek lisans tezi, 1991), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 1-9.
Abdülcebbâr er-Rifâî, Mevsûʿatü meṣâdiri’n-niẓâmi’l-İslâmî: et-Terbiye ve’t-taʿlîm fi’l-İslâm , Kum 1375/1417, V, 239.
M. Plessner, “al-Zarnūd̲j̲ī”, EI (Fr.) , IV, 1287-1288.
a.mlf. – [J. P. Berkey], “al-Zarnūd̲j̲ī”, EI2 (Fr.) , XI, 501.
Îsâ Ali, “ez-Zernûcî (Burhânü’l-İslâm)”, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-ʿArabiyye , Dımaşk 2004, X, 349-350.
Seyyid Ahmed Osman, “ez-Zernûcî, Burhânü’l-İslâm”, Mv.AU , XI, 142-145.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 294-295 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.